Fanship and the television sports viewing experience. and a whole array of possible emotions, but we will not all experience these emotions equally at the The concepts of the traditional affective disposition theory have been applied to sports media consumption by considering the fact that enjoyment could be conceived as the emotional response to consuming media surrounding players or teams. Think carefully about this but don’t worry about a right answer, this is the debate. Medium theory and television history. Her research and teaching interests include visual culture studies, comparative feminist Wendy Kozol is professor and program director of Comparative American Studies with a concentration in visual culture studies. 145), "Disposition-based theories contend that affiliations towards characters are formed and maintained on a continuum from extreme positive through indifference to extreme negative affect." 27 (4): 884–905. Romance Languages & Literatures Division of the Humanities. Feminist film theory is a theoretical film criticism derived from feminist politics and feminist theory influenced by Second Wave Feminism and brought about around the 1970s in the United States. Zillmann, D. (1996). Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. "Privileging the Male Gaze: Gendered Tourism Landscapes". [1] Savas Patsalidis is Professor of theatre history and theory in the School of English and the Graduate Program of the Theatre Department of Aristotle University (Thessaloniki). The exploration of enjoyment of sport spectatorship is very complex and must take into account fan socialization and disposition … (1989). The basic idea of the affective disposition theory is used as a way to explain how emotions become part of the entertainment experience. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Postmodernism is described as a rejection of the idea of modernism and its … In 1982, he developed a medium theory approach, proposing that television's typical regime of spectatorship is that of the 'glance' rather than the more cinematic one of the 'gaze', and exploring the segmented and repetitive structure of TV programming.. The creator of any narrative can use Disposition Theory to heighten emotional arousal, and therefore enjoyment, in any narrative. (pg. 153–174). In this study, research participants were asked to spend an hour completing boring tasks (for example, repeatedly loading spools onto a tray). Moral Judgment – The viewer decides if they approve of the outcome of the story or disapprove of it. Apparatus theory also argues that cinema maintains the dominant ideology of the culture within the viewer. (pg. Essay about the male gaze in advertising. Communication Theory, 14(4), 348–369. Perception and Assessment – The outcome is viewed and an emotion is attached. Zillman, D., (1991). Vorderer, P., & Knobloch, S. (2000). A. Raney, J. Bryant (Eds. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 11, 1–10. (pg. How Cognitive Dissonance Affects Behavior . Gantz, W., & Wenner, L. A. 103–123). The psychology of suspense in dramatic exposition. The cheering spectators watched the fireworks. Men, women, and sports: Audience experiences and effects. In this bold and original work, A.L. Raney argued that viewers/consumers of entertainment media could form positive dispositions toward characters before any moral scrutinizing occurs. In R. N. Singer, M. Murphey, & L. K. Tennant (Eds. Gregory Bateson (9 May 1904 – 4 July 1980) was a British anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields. • A South African university faculty developed special software so students could demonstrate their understanding of theory related to ilm narrative and spectatorship by constructing ilm sequences. (2006). She joined the Oberlin faculty in 1992, first in the History Department and then in Gender and Women’s Studies Program before moving to her present position. If the viewer believes the act to be. Introduces students to key issues of, major theoretical approaches to, and current debates about the cultural function of films. A. The opposite is true if the viewer decides the character is following the amoral route. Zillman, D., Bryant, J., & Sapolsky, B. Michel Foucault, in … In D. Zillmann, & P. Vorderer (Eds.). Exposure to the competitors over time allows individuals to develop these dispositions of varying valence and degree toward teams and athletes. One could argue that given the rise of the Internet, the notion of spectatorship does not do justice to the avenues opened by new technology.In fact, one could argue that the important distinction between participation and political involvement recovered by Jeffrey Green can be used to support a more active model of citizenship. (2006a). These theories can be used to formulate narratives and create drama and emotional arousal during a story. Raney, A. (1991). Gantz, W., & Wenner, L. A. Applied Drama (also known as Applied Theatre or Applied Performance) is an umbrella term for the use of theatrical practices and creativity that take participants and audience members further than mainstream theatre, that is often in response to conventional people with real life stories.The work also often happens in non-conventional theatre spaces and social settings e.g. As stated earlier, if a story incites a strong disposition toward any character, viewer enjoyment is likely to be higher due to the emotional arousal created by the narrative. In this study, eSports are analyzed through the lens of the disposition theory of sports spectatorship. This "woman" is in fact, a white woman. Entertainment users make constant judgments of a character's actions, and these judgments enable the user to determine which character they believe is the "good guy" or the "villain". See our Privacy Policy and User Agreement for details. spectatorship entirely.34 EOP invokes the apolitical citizen more as a figure that recurs in democratic theory (a merely economic agent who, it is impor- tant to note, still votes and so is not completely outside of politics) than as a A., & Depalma, A. J. Raney, A. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 52(4), 544-562. Reconceptualizing and Reexamining Suspense as a Predictor of Mediated Sports Enjoyment. Affective Disposition – Here, if the viewer decides the character is following the moral route, they begin to form positive affect toward that character. A. In J. Bryant D. Zillman (Eds. Hooks' essay is a work of feminist film theory that criticizes both the male gaze through Michel Foucault's 'relations of power' and the prevalence of white feminism in feminist film theory. Drawing on film theory, literary modernism, psychology and art history, Fields of View elucidates an expanded network of connections between avant-garde film and wider culture. Disposition theory has multiple applications in many areas of entertainment. ), Handbook of sports and media (pp. spectatorship entirely.34 EOP invokes the apolitical citizen more as a figure that recurs in democratic theory (a merely economic agent who, it is impor- tant to note, still votes and so is not completely outside of politics) than as a Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. This term is not to be confused with general film criticism, which may, however, draw upon ideas from film theory. As a term, theorem is … The concepts of the traditional affective disposition theory have been applied to sports media consumption by considering the fact that enjoyment could be conceived as the emotional response to consuming media surrounding players or teams. Medium theory and television history. [1] Savas Patsalidis is Professor of theatre history and theory in the School of English and the Graduate Program of the Theatre Department of Aristotle University (Thessaloniki). New York: Macmillan. Using these six principles, one can surmise that creating a strong and opposing disposition for the characters in the story will lead to greater enjoyment for the viewer. The gaze becomes the medium for self-differentiation; like a child first individuates his ego when confronted by his mirror image, so does the spectator derive his identity when confronted by a film image. Enjoyment of watching Sport Contests. (1993). (October 2000). Research interests: The relationship between literary theory and documentary cinema, spectatorship studies, phenomenology and exploring the aesthetics of Latin American authors who insert themselves as characters in their fiction. In critical theory, sociology, and psychoanalysis, the gaze, in the philosophical and figurative sense, is an individual's awareness and perception of other individuals, other groups, or oneself. Raney, A. Spectatorship is an important concept in film theory. Abstract: This chapter, which was written by Marita Sturken and Lisa Cartwright, examines the idea of postmodernism in comparison to modernism. Spectatorship A spectator is an individual member of an audience. The Society of the Spectacle (French: La société du spectacle) is a 1967 work of philosophy and Marxist critical theory by Guy Debord, in which the author develops and presents the concept of the Spectacle.The book is considered a seminal text for the Situationist movement. (1977). Zillmann, D., & Cantor, J. (2004). In this study, eSports are analyzed through the lens of the disposition theory of sports spectatorship. The exploration of enjoyment of sport spectatorship is very complex and must take into account fan socialization and disposition formation. Mahwah, NJ US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers. In this sense, the film also contains a programmatic structure. 241–287). This course satisfies the General Education Criteria for: ), Communication Yearbook 23 (pp. The psychology of disposition-based theories of media enjoyment. However, in an article written in 2004, Raney examined the fundamental ADT assumption that viewers of drama always form their dispositions toward characters through moral judgment of motives and conduct. Television viewing and psychological arousal. Ideology is not imposed on cinema, but is part of its nature and it shapes the way the audience thinks. Clipping is a handy way to collect important slides you want to go back to later. Metz “Identification, Mirror” 800-808. ), This page was last edited on 1 March 2020, at 17:39. Zillmann (1996) offered a model of disposition formation. Debord published a follow-up book Comments on the Society of the Spectacle in 1988. Contributions from Charlotte Steenbrugge (on audience address in medieval sermons and morality plays and the differences between the two genres), Nadia Therese van Pelt (on spectatorship, metatheatricality, and cognitive theory), Mishtooni Bose (on the medieval 'drama of performed thought' (p. Expanding disposition theory: Reconsidering character liking, moral evaluations, and enjoyment. Sapolsky, B. S. (1980). Ideology is not imposed on cinema, but is part of its nature and it shapes the way the audience thinks. Jean-Paul Sartre described the gaze in Being and Nothingness. Spectatorship. No public clipboards found for this slide, Advisor Strategy and Finance at Netsourcing -Virtual CFO. He also teaches at the Drama School of the State Theatre of Northern Greece. Apparatus theory, derived in part from Marxist film theory, semiotics, and psychoanalysis, was a dominant theory within cinema studies during the 1970s, following the 1960s when psychoanalytical theories for film were popular. Affective disposition theory (ADT), in its simplest form, states that media and entertainment users make moral judgments about characters in a narrative which in turn affects their enjoyment of the narrative. emotional ways at certain points in certain films? General spectatorship theory postulates that men do not engage with the text in the same way that women do; that they are more likely to respect "authorial voice" (ie not to go beyond the limits of what is written, or in this case, shown) and that women are more likely to interact with the characters on a personalised level. Noun ()One who observes an event; an observer. The model begins with a character's behavior and ends with approval of the story. We use your LinkedIn profile and activity data to personalize ads and to show you more relevant ads. A. The Effect of Viewing Varying Levels and Contexts of Violent Sports Programming on Enjoyment, Mood, and Perceived Violence. Apparatus theory follows an institutional model of spectatorship. Feb 11 Auteur Theory Sarris “Notes on the Auteur Theory in 1962) 515-518Wollen “The Auteur Theory” 519- 535. Zillman, D., (2000). The specific version of the disposition theory that is used in sport media viewing (Disposition Theory of Sport Spectatorship) applies the basic ideas of the disposition theory to sports content. In more simplistic terms, the enjoyment of the spectator or viewer has been found to increase the more the winning team is favored by the spectator/viewer and the more the losing team is disliked by the spectator/viewer. 600–699). Conflict and suspense in drama. She asserts that there is a pleasure to be found in the oppositional gaze, in looking against the grain. Hillsadale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Raney (2006b) states that these allegiances and types of socializations are at the core of the entertainment motivation for viewing sports media. She criticizes mainstream feminist film theory for ignoring the subject of race, and by that also ignoring the role of black female spectatorship. What is emotion? Apparatus theory also argues that cinema maintains the dominant ideology of the culture within the viewer. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 35, 233–243. Gregory Bateson (9 May 1904 – 4 July 1980) was a British anthropologist, social scientist, linguist, and cyberneticist whose work intersected that of many other fields. Course addresses theories of spectatorship, the politics of pleasure, the culture of entertainment, and the cinematic construction of race, class, and gender. In 1982, he developed a medium theory approach, proposing that television's typical regime of spectatorship is that of the 'glance' rather than the more cinematic one of the 'gaze', and exploring the segmented and repetitive structure of TV programming.. The authors argue that postmodernism and modernism intersect one another, and that there is no clear line between when modernism ended and postmodernism began. Two types of spectatorship occur whilst viewing a film, wherein the viewer either unconsciously or consciously engages in the typical, ascribed societal roles of men and women. Creating a strong disposition towards the characters will lead the viewer to hope for a positive outcome for the hero and a negative outcome for the villain, all the while fearing a negative outcome for the hero and fearing a positive outcome for the villain. (2008). Research on fan socialization investigates how people are originally socialized as sports fans, and also examines the reasons why people form allegiances towards specific teams. Additionally, research indicates that sports fanship in general is important to enjoyment of sports media. His work concentrates on television and related media. Its most basic premise is that entertainment users attach an emotion to various characters within a narrative, but this has been expanded to comedy, drama, tragedy, violence, and sport (Raney, 2006a). Spectators: Reactions to sporting events and effects on athletic performance. This model also displays the steps the viewer goes through to create a disposition. (1995). With regard to antihero narratives, researchers such as Sapolsky have suggested that the actual formation process of dispositions may differ from the traditional affective disposition theory formula. Annals of Tourism Research. In J. Bryant & P. Vorderer (Eds.). Sociology of Sports Journal, 12, 56–74. Slideshare uses cookies to improve functionality and performance, and to provide you with relevant advertising. The uncertainty of outcomes for contests that are unscripted when combined with multiple other factors such as rivalry strength and importance of the game to the overall ranking of the team affect the suspense and enjoyment of viewing. Drawing on film theory, literary modernism, psychology and art history, Fields of View elucidates an expanded network of connections between avant-garde film and wider culture. we watch films, and that film makers are deliberately setting out to create emotional responses. Film theory explores the essence of the cinema and provides conceptual frameworks for understanding film's relationship to reality, the other arts, individual viewers, and society at large. First developed in 1970 by film theorist Jean-Louis Baudry, apparatus theory purports that the physical layout of the theater space produces a spectatorship that falsely identifies with the onscreen subject: the film camera is positioned in the back of a darkened room behind the view of the spectator, causing s/he to become totally unaware of the apparatus producing the filmic image. Apparatus theory follows an institutional model of spectatorship. In summation, these six principles are strongly centered around the ideas of enjoyment of entertainment and emotional responses. He proposed that viewers sometimes develop story schemas that provide them "with the cognitive pegs upon which to hang their initial interpretations and expectations of characters" (Raney, 2004, p. 354). In P. Vorderer, W. J. Wulff, & M. Friedrichsen (Eds. Traditional Disposition Theory is most often applied in the context of humor, but is also applicable to drama and sports. This concept was first introduced by Sigmund Freud in Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality (1905) and it refers to the pleasure gained from looking as well as to the pleasure gained from being looked at, two fundamental human drives in Freud’s view. Affective responses to the emotions of a protagonist. Zillman, D., & Paulus, P. B. A. Raney (2006b) posits that the enjoyment of viewing a sporting event comes as a by-product of a combination of the outcome of the game, and the viewers strength and valence of dispositions held toward the competitors. First introduced by cultural theorist Stuart Hall in 1973, resistant spectatorship recognizes Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. The basic premise that is used to cross over into the world of sport is that enjoyment of entertainment is primarily a reflection of both the consumers' feelings toward the players or teams and the outcomes (Zillmann, 1991, 2000; Zillmann & Cantor, 1977; Raney, 2004a, 2004b; Raney, 2006b; Peterson & Raney, 2008). As a term, theorem is also often considered as mathematical or formulaic. In D. Zillmann & P. Vorderer (Eds. Raney, A. By applying the steps of the disposition model a writer can heighten the experience of a narrative. Todd Haynes’ devastating Carol offers a portrait of impossible desire that’s revealed through glances, meaning-laden gestures, and little bits of dialogue, creating a subtext of sexual innuendo and need that’s brilliantly carried by Cate Blanchett, as Carol, and Rooney Mara, as Therese, the young shop girl she seduces.. By creating suspense, the writer can heighten emotional arousal and, therefore, heighten enjoyment of the narrative. The theory of resistant spectatorship asks us to consider alternatives to our too frequently uncomplicated interactions with media technologies and the companies that manufacture them, as well as to reevaluate the information supplied by these providers. The individuals in the picture are facing away from the viewer and are united only by one characteristic, that of a common visual focus on the looming figure of the president (in ways that are, incidentally and perhaps not completely fortunately, reminiscent of Hobbes's Leviathan's frontispiece).Spectatorship is thus a central concept of Green's new theory of citizenship, together with the "gaze" as the new locus … Raney (2006b) also found that the expectation of experiencing enjoyment is the greatest reason that sports media viewers report for why they consume sports media. By employing this perspective, the audience does not experience real emotion towards the events in the narrative, but rather experience suspense instead. 313–329). The traditional Disposition Theory is closely related to misattribution theory of humor. Peterson, E. M., & Raney, A. By making a villain's actions terribly amoral, and the hero's actions extremely moral, one can create emotional arousal in a viewer. Although some theorist argue that the similar theories used to explore different forms of entertainment media encompass the same general processes, some evidence exists that disposition formation may differ across content. Sports on the screen. What is that determines our individual predisposition to respond in particular Response to Outcome/Emotion – The viewer decides how they feel about the story and characters. See our User Agreement and Privacy Policy. Traditional models of audience response tend to treat viewers, readers or listeners as groups, spectatorship study suggests that the film builds a specific relationship with every individual who experiences it. His work concentrates on television and related media. By delaying this outcome, the writer can create suspense in the viewer. "Theorizing Mainstream Female Spectatorship: The Case of the Popular Lesbian Film". In summation, by creating a strong disposition towards characters, a writer can heighten the audience's enjoyment of the narrative. Raney (2006a) offered six principles that are shared amongst all applications of disposition theory: As stated earlier, disposition theories can be applied in many contexts, but most share similar characteristics, as identified by Raney (2006). First of all, the film starts with documentary-like images. Here, the model splits paths. Specifically, Gantz & Wenner (1991, 1995) found that the selective exposure to media and motivations for viewing sports media literatures indicate that fanship in relation to the particular sport also impacts perceptions about the contest. (2006b). Applied to sports spectatorship. In M. E. Roloff (Ed. Raney and Depalma (2006) also noted that the nature of the sport being view, either scripted or unscripted, cause viewers to approach the sporting event with differing expectations of enjoyment. This theory was first posited by Zillmann and Cantor (1977), and many offshoots have followed in various areas of entertainment (Raney, 2006a). Viano suggests that the film should be considered under the theory of spectatorship because each family member gazes at the guest and his loins. He also teaches at the Drama School of the State Theatre of Northern Greece. In J.H. 103–133). Goldstein (Ed. Through this model, one can pinpoint where and how a disposition is created. Haskell “Female Stars of the 1940s” 562- 566, 571-575 **Bringing Up Baby (Hawks, 1938) ... March 31 Spectatorship Mulvey “Visual Pleasure and the Narrative Cinema” 833-844. You can change your ad preferences anytime. ), Sports, Games, and play: Social and Psychological Viewpoints (2nd ed., pp. 13.Pritchard, Annette; Morgan, Nigel J. 147), Moral Judgment – The viewer judges the action of the character as either appropriate and moral or inappropriate and amoral. Therefore, the argument can be made that this level of dispositional affiliation toward the sport might also impact perceived suspense and enjoyment. Other theories of spectatorship, especially in film theory, rely heavily on Lacan’s notion of the gaze and how it functions as the point of identification in the mirror stage (see mirror). The portrayal of women scientists in film refers to the way that professional women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields are written as film characters. Now customize the name of a clipboard to store your clips. 14.Hollinger, Karen (1998). Henceforth, the maximum enjoyment of the spectator comes when the intensely liked team or player defeats the intensely disliked team or player. Drawing on film theory, literary modernism, psychology and art history, Fields of View elucidates an expanded network of connections between avant-garde film and wider culture.In this bold and original work, A.L. According to academic researchers and theorist (Bryant & Raney, 2000; Zillman, Bryant & Sapolsky, 1989; Zillman & Paulus, 1993), the Disposition Theory of Sports Spectatorship states that a viewer’s affiliation or allegiance to a particular team or player must be discussed along a continuum. Your job is to recognise that there is an intense interaction with the sounds and images occurring as • A South African university faculty developed special software so students could demonstrate their understanding of theory related to ilm narrative and spectatorship by constructing ilm sequences. Feminists have many approaches to … Mass Communication & Society, 9(3), 321-338. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 13(2), 155–165. same moments in a film In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. Sapolsky's research (1980) found that viewer race rather than the previously mentioned "morality" was an accurate predictor in team favorability in an all-White versus all-Black basketball game. 1. ), Handbook of research on sports psychology (pp. There are seven main steps in disposition formation: This model further illuminates the disposition process. ), Media entertainment: The psychology of its appeal (pp. He was an interdisciplinary scientist at a time when science was becoming increasingly specialized. Mood management in the context of selective exposure theory. Hillsadale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. He was an interdisciplinary scientist at a time when science was becoming increasingly specialized. As we watch films we can each experience fear, and pleasure, and desire, and surprise, and shock In this bold and original work, A.L. The concept and the social applications of the gaze have been defined and explained by existentialist and phenomenologist philosophers. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Affective_disposition_theory&oldid=943395869, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, "Disposition-based theories are concerned with the, "Disposition-based theories are concerned with, "Disposition-based theories contend that media enjoyment starts with and is driven by the viewer's feelings about the character." ), Responding to the screen: Reception and reaction process (pp. Its root comes from a Greek word theorema meaning “spectacle”, “intuition”, and “theorem.” Viano suggests that the film should be considered under the theory of spectatorship because each family member gazes at the guest and his loins. 146), "Because disposition-based theories rely upon the evaluation of, "Disposition-based theories further acknowledge and rely upon the differences between individuals in terms of emotional responsiveness, personal experiences, basal morality, and countless other psychological and social-psychological factors." Disposition Theory takes the position that entertainment users are just an audience, they are not active. If you continue browsing the site, you agree to the use of cookies on this website. Looks like you’ve clipped this slide to already. Contributions from Charlotte Steenbrugge (on audience address in medieval sermons and morality plays and the differences between the two genres), Nadia Therese van Pelt (on spectatorship, metatheatricality, and cognitive theory), Mishtooni Bose (on the medieval 'drama of performed thought' (p. With the advancements in film throughout the years feminist film theory has developed and changed to analyse the current ways of film and also go back to analyse films past. The effect of spectator disposition and suspense on the enjoyment of sport contests. This continuum ranges from extremely positive through indifference to extremely negative. Bryant, J., & Raney, A.A. (2000). In A. Why We Watch and Enjoy Mediated Sports.