The supply of child labor is decided within the context of the family and depends on parental preference, family income, and schooling options in relation to the market wage for children. London: Routledge, 2015. While Cunningham 2014 uses a more institutional approach, Heywood 2001 uses a behavioral approach. London: Croom Healm, 1980. There are no peer reviewed journals that are purely devoted to the issues of child labor. Although this website is a bit out-of-date, with its newsletters and annual reports it contains current news stories of successful and unsuccessful actions to protect working children in various parts of the developing world. Like Britain, the employment of peasant children was high in textile production and the work was arduous. Children had been employed in workshops and homes for decades. In explaining why England was so late in adopting a national education system, the author highlights the sociopolitical obstacles while exploring the intellectual and political perspectives that contributed to the delay and the final structure and content of the system adopted. This article offers support for the view that the Factory Acts were successfully enforced and therefore effective. Boulder, CO: Westview, 1999. Each chapter offers a quick country profile, a discussion of child labor today as well as the past, and then a more in-depth description of the key problems facing that country’s child laborers. Tragedies such as the Triangle shirtwaist factory fire, in which 129 women and 17 men died, happened because of unsafe conditions and policies such as keeping outer doors locked to prevent theft. Dr. Mitchell’s Report is placed in Abridged Tables that will be useful for documenting the number of children employed across Great Britain. They show that the modern view of childhood where children are “sexually innocent, economically dependent, and emotionally fragile” (p. 11) was a reality for only a few privileged children. London: Springer, 2011. This anthology provides researchers with a vast array of key archival evidence pertaining to the child labor debate. Honeyman, Katrina. Fass, Paula S., ed. Although this caused worry for the well-being of women, it also allowed them to become a more vibrant part of social activism and labor movements that ultimately began to change dangerous working conditions. Kirby 2013 challenges the conventional view and argues that the poor health of working children can be attributed to their poverty and not their workplace. of ev. According to Marx’s labor theory of value, all labor is exploited by capitalists because workers are paid less than the value they produce. This chapter has an excellent summary of the numerous positions on the treatment of child labor. Salazar, María Cristina, and Walter Alarcón Glasinovich, eds. Vol. Edited collection documenting the extent and nature of child labor during industrialization in Great Britain, Belgium, Catalonia, Japan, and Colombia. The motivations of reformers as well as the effectiveness of the first child labor law in 1841 is eloquently described and developed. Legislation in Great Britain attempted to regulate child labor, not eliminate it. This law was unique because after hearing the testimony of the mining inspectors and viewing the “woodcuts” depicting children on their hands and knees pulling wagons underground there was a consensus that women and children must be protected. Kirby, Peter. A Working Life: Child Labour through the Nineteenth Century. Using the British Parliamentary Papers, the qualifications, salaries, and personalities of the factory commissioners and inspectorates are carefully developed. This volume originated from a UNICEF project at the International Development Centre to explore existing policies and develop new ones to implement key articles of the Convention on the Rights of a Child. There are no authoritative websites that cover child labor of the past but there are several that are regularly updated about the present. Nardinelli, Clark. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008. The author offers insight into the motivation of parents for sending their children to work and the reasons for the ineffectiveness of legislation. Preston, UK: Lancashire County Books, 1995. Bartrip, P. W. J. Inflation from having too many workers producing products. Prior to the 1800s, the accessibility of education to children was spotty. There are three other books that focus specifically on Latin America and the tension between work and schooling. The evidence reveals girls made a significant contribution to family income, the growth of industry, and the success of industrialization. This is an excellent reference for undergraduates and graduates exploring the development of social institutions. The most contentious debate revolves around whether or not children were exploited in the new industries. Edited by Avner Grief, Lynn Kiesling, and John V. C. Nye, 337–378. Horner, Leonard. The chapters are summaries of reports that are downloadable from the new International Research on Working Children (IREWOC) website. Bolin-Hort, Per. United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund. The authors conclude that parents were far from altruistic but instead exploitative of their own children. A strong argument is made that the dilution of skill and strength caused by the automation of machinery upset the breadwinner family. Heywood, Colin. Humphries 2003 offers a historiography of the legal foundations of apprenticeships and economically evaluates its costs and benefits to the master, apprentice, labor market, and British economy. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511560880Save Citation »Export Citation ». Tuttle, Carolyn. I, Subcommissioners’ reps. and; 1842 [382] XVII Children’s Employment (Mines). Children were at the mercy of the machines and worked long hours on their feet performing monotonous tasks. Berg 1979 places a diverse group of letters, speeches, testimony, and diagrams into the context of the tension between labor-saving machines and the worker. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2015. London: Penguin, 1961. There is also a lengthy discussion of the potential consequences of Lord Ashley’s bill on restricting night work and limiting work hours of children. These shifts continue to affect the world today. The Industrious Revolution: Consumer Behavior and the Household Economy, 1650 to the Present. The attendant discourse about children at work raised fundamental issues about the nature of childhood. “Women, Children and Industrialization in the Early Republic: Evidence from the Manufacturing Census.” Journal of Economic History 42 (December 1982): 741–774.
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